Since the last century, Chinese women's marriage rights has undergone three major changes. Is a popular traditional Chinese society, arranged marriage, the so-called organizations and units to replace the family, become a major factor Feminine. into the post-Mao reform period, the money has gradually become an important factor leading women in marriage. from the stage of evolution, women in the marriage arranged by families, organization development intervention to market trading. Therefore, the Chinese women's rights in marriage as reflecting the poverty in which they profoundly reflect the unfair, unjust and not a happy position. ()
one, from a traditional society to women's Republic of China
marriage rights in traditional China, the main female marriage rights and violations of those deprived of family influence, a variety of tangible and intangible ethical code of legal rights of marriage for women carried out a comprehensive restrictions. In sum, traditional society where the marriage of Chinese women must follow their parents to enrich people; divorce her husband's retirement must wait for the book; remarried almost made a heaven, as not abiding by etiquette, do not keep the Women of the target of public criticism, and its core values and spirit that is patriarchal, paternity, the husband and even her in-laws right above all else. [1] As a result, traditional marriage for women has the following characteristics: ()
First, marriage and women's personal well-being, there is no relationship between emotional needs. . faint justice little regard for the emotional needs of individuals, so gender is not a traditional society, the natural love of the essential requirement of marriage, nor marriage, and the lifting of basis can be established. Moreover, the couple's intimate feelings may prevent their family to take on more obligations Therefore, encouraging couples to Bujibuli, pay attention to a certain degree of etiquette is the best policy. Thus, instead of mutual respect between husband and wife, but not a wife to her husband the right to obtain a copy can be implemented [2]. ()
Second, the traditional grading system is based on the premise of marriage. family, ; is ; a woman must submit to the heaven. Han feudal ethics through marriage and family relationships, men make women completely reduced to slavery, hereditary [3]. traditional society mainly through the mechanism of marriage and family to complete the constraints and the containment of women, women living only in the marriage world family, women can not self-sustaining in the community, life had to rely on men. wife can only be content with the duty of parental household. husband to his wife, there are disposable, parents, Hugh abandoned and guardianship. patriarchal feudal ethical code also established a concession to women to alleviate marital conflict servile principle, and thus to maintain family unity and harmony, to ensure and strengthen the dominance of her husband [4]. ()
Third, the traditional freedom of women do not remarry. early Western Zhou Dynasty period, China's ritual remarry appeared remarks against women, such as After advocated by Confucianism ethics, etiquette gradually established dominance, Ban Zhao in the restrictions on the rights of women to remarry. Republic of China, the National Government to develop a the abolition of the system no longer exist, but still recognize the legalization of concubinage, in essence, is to emphasize the status is not full equality between husband and wife. However, the marriage of women is not really control laws and regulations, but the traditional clan and family influence, these social power severely limits the rights of women to remarry [7]. ()
Fourth, women have to control sexual desire, adherence to the Women. Han Dynasty rulers began to vigorously Commendation widow remarry, Han Xuan once in 58 BC to Ying River area, contempt for women's rights, and even suggested that a lot to aspire to remarry, bear in order to avoid abuse, and the oppressors die in the tragedy. In short, the repair history of that women's behavior is the only stick worth Commendation Day parade, the other to are not worth mentioning. become downright and women's sexual desire is far stronger than men; If we allow women inside no shame, no ethics outside the development of their sexuality freely, then the male-dominated social structure will be immediately threatened. So, what male guard on the design of many to remarry discipline, chastity heaven, the use of social and moral strength of the desire to curb female physiology, and to control women, the purpose of oppression of women. ()
Republic of the situation began to change. One is called ? father's temper, arbitrary, stepmother Diao drug abuse and, therefore, free air the Chinese Communists hold high the banner of the liberation of women. As everyone knows, of course, they defected from the revolutionary policies and principles of the following four characteristics: ()
First, the CPC has always placed the interests of the revolution of women's interests, and always will be . On the one hand, the CCP that marriage and family is a drag on the revolution; but also deeply appreciate the other hand, there is no lack of women fighting and centripetal forces. In order to mobilize farmers to participate at any time the Chinese military may have lost their lives, in addition to the CPC the local tyrants, sub-field promulgated the and women's dual purpose. For example, the his wife is a real chance because of the ability, financial arranged and forced marriages and the sale of most of the rich man, once put an end to their provides: , that line of divorce The Mao Zedong in the only spent 20 dollars and I never dared think I will Qude my wife r her father know that I now have to, allow a direct consequence of divorce is the flow of women and land led to the flow line to flow from the rich to the poor hands of the hands, and led to devaluation of women's prices, this is the Communist Party after the revolution of the new marriage called ; reasons [16]. ()
Second, the liberation of women was motivated by the CPC quick success, the lack of political will and legal consistency, a clear double standard. autonomy advocated by the CPC at the time of marriage is two-side edged sword, because the freedom of marriage must be accompanied by the idea of freedom of divorce, if marriage is a provides that Revolution more are worried about losing his wife and labor, [18]. and even some former Red Army soldiers were engaged with the woman, With women's economic strength, the courage to ask for a divorce [20]. Urayasu amendments in 1945 that which is also part of the woman suspected the existence of poverty and its author (feeling also has its certain conditions) designed to serve the revolution, the revolution of the poor peasants and revolutionary cadres services. Women in the Chinese revolution is not so much to act as a revolutionary subject, rather, as the goal of revolution and war booty and the presence of. men in the liberation of the liberation of women itself, and then let the women fight for their dedication to the liberation of [22]. ()
the main force in the face of the revolutionary peasant discontent, the PRC began to modify the ; divorce freedom. 11 conditions for divorce, including in Jiangxi Province, the ,],[mobilized force of public opinion to implement the slogan of the transition, this change is not about I said, l we have the slogan in rural areas is no longer freedom of marriage and women's equality, but to save the infant and family harmony. We made a mistake, the feminist emphasis on the extent to inappropriate results caused resentment of the peasants. the contradiction between men and women weakened against the Japanese aggressors and the common struggle landlords r ]. must be pointed out, the slogan changes on the Border Region Government, the court's mediation and decisions have a direct impact [27]. ()
the class nature of the CPC and the selectivity of the emancipation of women is very clear, the marriage of the poor and the rich The double standards of openness, freedom of the poor implementation of his wife's divorce legal restrictions and economic discrimination. Meanwhile, the amendment freedom of divorce, but also demonstrated that it has poor peasants in order to consolidate the alliance with the men, and give up the liberation of all women. After all, faced with revolutionary force - farmers, the Chinese Communists can only give women the choice, we can see the liberation of women and sincerity the CPC, the liberation of women is a means to meet is the purpose of poor peasants, poor peasants always higher than the interests of women. ()
Third, to the revolution, women, marriage and divorce must be subordinate to the revolution, women's autonomy in marriage and divorce have a distinct party. PRC Marriage Law, the ruling before a generally recognized principles and ordinances: , and granted a divorce Marriage and politics are closely linked to the political nature of the terms of divorce has been extended to China during Mao Zedong's rule [28], because the revolution, firmly identified legislators, There is no reason to love and hate for no reason, revolution and political direction and control of marriage must be . Meanwhile, in order to cope with the excessive liberation of women for their own demands, on behalf of the Chinese Communist Party put forward by women, the liberation of women must be subordinate to the interests of the revolution, but revolution is dominated by men, so women must ultimately be subordinate to men, revolutionaries, leaders will need to be at the expense of women, and then the liberation of men, and finally to the liberation of women themselves. For example, when Chinese Communist Party liberated advocate put feet, put chest and cut, one of the utilitarian purpose of the revolution after the haircut, women do not need gold and silver jewelry, so the revolution to mobilize women to earrings, collar and other Mint bank to give the Soviet decorations. Similarly, to encourage women to put a big enough political purpose is to more women engaging in outdoor work, prompting more men no excuse for staying home, force them to join the Red Army. For example, Communist victory in the county's report that women are not small enough to work to feed exclusively by men, contact, then the symbolism of the anti-feudal political motives toward the utilitarian, and forced from the political into a peaceful mobilization. put feet, put the chest, cutting directly after the revolution, women provide an effective workforce. 1940 Communist base areas generally to promote women's participation in land reclamation, repair beaches, forests and armed drill made women, one big reason is that most of the base areas Jingzhuang male labor was conscripted into the army, women bear most of the production tasks behind. Moreover, this also will be women from the family of . ()
fourth, to the name of the revolution, the CCP can arbitrarily require women to have more or less students, complete disregard for women's own free choice. revolution to the liberation of women, of course, can dominate women's bodies and the rape of women will . Communist Party members and people not only interfere with marriage, divorce, put feet, put the chest and cut, but also interfere with female fertility, and to the family and fertility policy Communist painted a deep utilitarian .1942, the CCP base of the population because of various wars, diseases, resulting in north, central liberated from the 100 million population was reduced to 4,500 million, more than half of the population disappeared [31]. At this time, women's fertility and birth or how much, is no longer women's personal choices and family will, but to the death of the party, the army killed a big problem. Thus, in the 1940s, the Chinese Communists have more and more vigorously to promote education, the revolution was born, and for the education revolution. However, in order to achieve more students, many educational purposes, must be restricted in the moral chaos, strengthening education in medicine. Communist China in the prevent the sexual promiscuity of the reason for this is ; cause venereal prevalence, reproductive rate decreased hh unable to bear children, or fertility of poor quality, leading to high infant mortality and with a congenital, but does not in extramarital sex than for the purpose of fertility, fertility is to create a departure from the descendants of this noble objective of the revolution [33]. and The CCP's denial of a Marriage, )
Thus, the cause of the communist revolution, women have always just a tool. revolution may change the criteria for divorce, the revolution can be deliberately prevent forced marriage or marriage, the revolution can also encourage or limit any birth, women's liberation and women interest seems to be the revolution decorations, accessories, and sacrificial victims, needs before the implementation of the policy governing the marriage, at best, only a flag change, change some packaging, and substantive content of thousands of years is still prevalent in the traditional Chinese patriarchal society, but the communist revolution to women's subordinate to the main body by the father, husband, her mother, into the CPC, and revolutionary organizations, and family pressure to force the transition to organizations from the private sphere into the public domain oppressive discrimination in transition, the transition to the concept of discrimination in laws and regulations, ethical constraints, and thus for the post-Mao era, the ruling Communist continue to use the name of the revolution and the power of executive women in the private space narrowing and independent choices of political traditions and provide the basis for the legal system. ()
three Maoist women subject to forced marriage rights revolution, the CPC's ruling
after its women's marriage, divorce and private areas of reproductive and other all-round, multi-level and wide range of control and intervention. [35]
1949 years later, the Chinese Communists in 1950 by the on the traditional Chinese marriage system was a revolution, and produced a confusing double effect: on the one hand, this reform to the marriage on behalf of the revolution, anti-feudal oppression and fight for the advancement of freedom of marriage; the other hand, 1950 woman , out of the husband, patriarchal oppression and the right woman, but it is the front door refused to Wolf, the back door into the tiger, as the Chinese Communists in the name of the revolution, the concept of manufacturing a series of invisible and visible organization for women in marriage and manufacturing a form of liberation, in fact, a new yoke of oppression. [37] ()
At that time, the Chinese Communists to organize and name of the revolution, forced many young, beautiful, educated married women and cadres, there are certain historical reasons . the ruling Communist before the war as busy all kinds of CPC cadres and soldiers lack the time and conditions of marriage; more importantly, the Chinese communists party members as part of marriage as a revolutionary cause, and not a private matter. to the KMT when the second civil war, Communist Party members and cadres continue to strongly intervene in the marriage, not only in the implementation of political pressure, and economic restrictions. Thus, artificially due to the long war and led to a large number of Communist cadres restrictions became the Revolutionary Organization for the 1950s, soldiers and cadres to force married women and provides a rationale and background. ()
must be noted that the CPC members to prevent a major motivation for marriage is often a hidden family bastion of privacy, monitoring and supervision against the revolution . CCP most happy to promote regime before the revolution. [38] ()
prevalent at that time a variety of forced marriages, is the CCP has always advocated the equality of the sexes, marriage, the great self-irony. First, a number of Communist cadres abusing power, inducement or .1950 disguised in the spring of forced marriage, Huailai County, Hebei Province had county, the secretary of female students to pursue the incident. The incident involved the Public Security Bureau, Education Bureau and other departments, they use public power both hard and soft, to try to force two female students to give in and leadership led to their marriage, sends a terrible signal: male cadres misbehave, beautiful women must give up the fight. At the same time, many places also imposed forced naked violence. For example, the original county Hejian County Police Chief Demonstration on lifestyle issues by publicly Zengyin warning, a woman in 1949 once again punished for prostitution, was reduced to .1950 shares of members in the spring, he has to divorced women and their parents to mention pro-YING, were rejected, so he sent the militia to YING Demonstration on the mother and uncle arrested , torture, forced marriages. In view of these events a great public anger, Hejian Demonstration on the county court had sentenced to imprisonment for 7 years public; CPC also fired Demonstration on Cangxian prefectural party. [40] However, this pre-baby, after the punishment method, and no party cadre in the system to solve the difficult problem of marriage, it still appears cadres Hebei province forced the event. [41] ()
Second, the phenomenon of widespread bigamy. a group of town or south of the CPC deep-rooted feudal concept of polygamy cadres, their first wife in keeping with the state of marriage and marriage with other women. For example, the Hubei Provincial Party Committee Organization Department, Liu Ren Hou County, Hebei Province, Hubei Province, he wrote to the Home Office, asking to help him resolve the remaining issues of marriage, saying procedures, and now the national victory, accessible, timely report to the co-management solution to women's rights and Akira moral dimension. Such shameless behavior can not be women in order to maintain, demonstrate ethics. As Liu thick high position, Hubei Province, Hebei Province, the Home Office sent a letter to the Home Office, called for an early settlement, and Hebei Province, said the Home Office to immediately apply [42]. the whole process without considering the wishes and interests first wife, which was the Communist violations of women's rights, divorce, the typical administrative intervention a bad precedent. ()
Third, stop the divorced women remarried. Although the Marriage Law of 1950 confirmed the and Marriage Law in 1950 after the publication of committing suicide due to requirements of the freedom of marriage, or death, and South Central 10,000 a year more than 1,245 people a year in Shandong Province [43]. By law, men and women the right to remarry after divorce are . However, when some Communist cadres divorce his ex-wife after divorce continues to interfere in private life, and woman a divorce does not leave home, the young and old to take care of home or keep chastity, not remarried. It is interesting that the CPC would put most of the ruling before the marriage thinking is that in the end the feudal marriage and the nature of the revolution there is any difference between the marriage, the communist revolution and what is fundamentally different from feudalism? ()
Communist intervention motivated by the potential marriage of women, leadership, and subordinate to national liberation, class liberation and the needs of the revolutionary cause [44]. Mao era not only for the women to marriage, family and reproductive intervention, and the is not equal rights for men, asked a man can do, women can do; encourage women to get out the true meaning of family is that women should be like men, to work for national liberation, class liberation fulfill their obligations, to contribute to this gender duty made equal weight with the traditional obligations, the right light, and the Communist system of units the same strain of egalitarianism [45]. ()
CPC to provide employment opportunities for women, not to increase their individual rights, promote freedom of consciousness, but In order to develop production, showing the superiority of socialism [46], and by enhancing women's social and production skills, and create more social wealth [47]. CPC advocated by the ; towards the door of a small house, and their obligations as men obtained the state recognition of same , leading to their personal space and private areas of women than the more traditional society, the family reduced to ,],[the market and property-led. [50] ()
major epidemic of traditional society, the sale into marriage, that of money, property established as a condition of marriage, marriage is a serious violation of the principle of love-based, contrary to the spirit of freedom of marriage, to the party caused a heavy emotional burden and economic burden, and thus manufacture of a number of Marriage. [51] At present, the sale of the phenomenon of marriage intensified. from the situation in rural areas, particularly in remote and backward rural areas, the proportion of men relative to women who are unmarried high, that is, reached marriageable men than women. sociologists and demographers believe that this is the formation of individual regions is an important cause of trafficking in women [52]. ()
this stage, China's sale of the marriage the following characteristics: First, asking price higher and higher, and showed an increasing trend year by year, from the past few hundred dollars, the development of a few thousand to 1 million to 5,6 million and more; Second, asking for more and more forms, and a new guise, in addition to the normal engagement gifts, the gift from the past ...
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